Permutation and Combination

In this chapter, we shall learn about some basic counting techniques which will be useful in determining the number of different ways of arranging and selecting objects without actually listing them.

Multiplication principle- Suppose student Mohan has 3 pants and 2 shirts. How many different pairs of a pant and shirt can he dress up with?

There are three ways in which a pant can be chosen.

For 1^st pant-------------any of the two shirts can be chosen---------2 ways

For 2^nd pant-------------any of the two shirts can be chosen---------2 ways

For 3^rdpant--------------any of the two shirts can be chosen----------2 ways

For every pant, there are two shirts, therefore, he can dress up with 3x2 = 6.   

Let the three pants be P1, P2 and P3 and two shirts be S1, S2 and S3. Above can be easily understood by using this diagram:

For every pant, there are two shirts, therefore, he can dress up in 3x2 = 6 ways.   

Number of pair of pants and shirts he can choose = (No. of pants he can choose) x (No. of shirts he can choose)

Problems of above type are solved by using multiplication principle or fundamental principle of multiplication which states that:

If an event can occur in p ways and another event can occur in n ways, number of ways in which both events p & q can be performed is equal to p x q.

Addition principle- If an event can occur in p different ways and another event can occur in q different ways, number of ways in which event p or q can be performed is equal to p + q.

Q) In a debate competition, there are 5 candidates from science side, 4 from commerce side and 3 from humanities side. In how many ways a winner of competition can be selected?

Ans) A winner out of science students can be selected in 5 ways.

A winner out of commerce students can be selected in 4 ways.

A winner out of humanities students can be selected in 3 ways.

An overall winner of competition can be selected in 5 + 4 + 3 = 12 ways.

Q) In a shop, there are 10 shirts and there are 10 pants

1)      In how many ways can a pair of pant and a pair of shirt can be selected.

2)      In how many ways can a pair of cloth (pant or shirt) can be selected.

Ans) Number of ways in which a pair of pant and a pair of shirt can be selected = 10 x 10 = 100

Number of ways in which a pair of cloth (pant or shirt) can be selected = 10 + 10 = 20

Factorial notation- The notation n! (factorial n) represents the product of first n natural numbers. Factorial of only natural numbers is defined.

For example, 5! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5

0! = 1

n! = n (n - 1)! = n (n-1) (n-2)! = n (n-1) (n-2) (n-3)! (provided n ≥ 3)

n! tool for arrangement- Number of ways in which, we can palace N things in N places = N!

or No. of ways in which we can arrange n things = N!

Q) How many 4-digits numbers can be formed from digits 1, 2, 3 and 4? (Repetition is not allowed)

Ans) Number of 4-digits numbers that can be formed from digits 1, 2, 3 and 4 = 4! = 24

Q) How many 7 letter words with or without meaning can be formed from letters M, N, O, P, Q, R and S?

Ans) Number of 7 letter words with or without meaning formed from letters M,N,O,P,Q, R and S = 7!

Q) Of the different words that can be formed from the letters of the word BEGINS how many words begins with B and end with S?

Ans) Number of words beginning with B and ending with S formed from letters of word BEGINS = 4! (Number of arrangements of letters E, G, I, N)

Question based on combination of fundamental principle of multiplication and n! principle

Q) In how many ways can the 7 letters M, N, O, P, Q, R and S be arranged so that P and Q occupy continuous position?

Ans) We should assume PQ as a single word. No. of arrangements of words M, N, O, PQ, R and S = 6!

PQ may act as a single word and QP may also act as a single word.

No. of ways in which letters M, N, O, P, Q, R and S can be arranged so that P and Q occupy continuous position = 6! X 2! = 1440

Combination (ⁿC_r) tool for arrangement- This tool is used for specific situation of counting, the number of ways of selecting r things out of n distinct things = [ ⁿC_r].

The number of ways of selecting r things out of n identical things = 1.

ⁿC_r = n! /r! x (n-r)!

important points regarding ⁿC_r

1)     ⁿC_r + ⁿC_{r – 1} = ^{n + 1}C_r

2)     ⁿC_x = ⁿC_y

It implies that (x = y) or (x + y = n)

3)      When n is constant and r is variable, for ⁿC_r to be greatest

a)       If n is even, r = n/2

b)      If n is odd, r = (n + 1)/2 or (n-1)/2

Q) A committee of 5 members is to be formed from group of 8 members. In how many ways can this be done?

Ans) 5 members out of 8 members can be selected in ⁸C₅ways. Number of ways in which 5 members out of 8 members can be selected = ⁸C₅ = 56

Q) How many chords can be drawn through 21 points on a circle?

Ans) Drawing a chord is equivalent to selecting two specific points. Number of chords that can be drawn through 21 points = ²¹C₂

Q) In how many ways can a student choose a program of 5 courses if 9 courses are available and 2 specific courses are compulsory for every student?

Ans) 2 specific courses are compulsory. Therefore, student has to choose 3 courses out of 7 courses. Number of ways in which a student can choose a program of 5 courses if 9 courses are available and 2 specific courses are compulsory = ⁷C₃

Question based on combination of fundamental principle of multiplication and Combination

Q) A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In how many ways can this be done? How many of these committees would consist of 1 man and 2 women?

Ans) We have to select 1 man out of 3 men and 2 women out of 3 women. No. of ways in which this can be done = ²C₁ X ³C₂

Q) In how many ways can one select a cricket team of eleven from 17 players in which only 5 players can bowl if each cricket team of 11 must include exactly 4 bowlers?

Ans) We have to select 4 bowlers out of 5 bowlers and we have to select 7 players out of remaining 12 players. This can be done in ⁵C₄ X ¹²C₇

Q) A bag contains 5 black and 6 red balls. Determine the number of ways in which 2 black and 3 red balls can be selected?

·         If balls of same color are distinct.

·         If balls of same color are identical.

Ans) If balls of same color are distinct. No. of ways in which 2 black ball out of 5 black ball can be selected = ⁵C₂ X ⁶C₃

If balls of same color are same. No. of ways in which 2 black ball out of 5 black ball can be selected = 1

Permutation (arrangement) ⁿP_r

Number of ways in which r things out of N distinct things can be selected and can be arranged at r different places = ^NC_r x r! = ^NP_r

Q) In how many ways 5 fruits out of group of 8 fruits can be selected and arranged at 5 different places?

Ans) Number of ways in which 5 fruits out of 8 fruits can be selected and arranged at 5 different places =  ⁸C₅ x 5 = 56  

Arrangement of objects not all distinct

Number of arrangements of N things out of which P₁ are of one type, P₂ are of second type, P₃ are of third type and the rest are all different = (N! / (P₁! P₂! P₃!))

Q) How many words with or without meaning can be formed with the letters of following words: -

1) ALLAHABAD

2) MISSISSIPPI

3) APPLE

Ans 1) Number of words that can be formed with the letters of word ALLAHABAD = (9!)/ (4!2!) = 7560

Ans 2) Number of words that can be formed with the letters of word MISSISSIPPI = (11!)/ (4!4!2!) = 34650  

Ans 3) Number of words that can be formed with the letters of word APPLE = (5!)/ (2!) = 60.

Circular permutations

There are three objects A, B and C. We can linearly arrange these three objects in 3! = 6 possible ways. There are following linear arrangements of these three objects: - ABC, ACB, CAB, CBA, BAC, BCA.

                                                  A

                                                  

 

                            B                       C                      Figure 1           ACB, CBA and BAC are same.

                                                  A

                                                  

 

                            C                       B                      Figure 2          ABC, BCA and CAB are same

If we talk about circular arrangements, we can observe from figure 1 that three arrangements ACB, CBA and BAC are same. We can observe from figure 2 that three arrangements ABC, BCA and CAB are same.

We conclude that there are two ways of circular arrangements of these three objects. This happens because there is no point of a starting point on a circular arrangement. Three objects can be arranged in ((3!)/3) ways = 2! Ways.

Generalizing the whole concept, on circular table, N objects can be arranged in (N - 1)! Ways or (N!)/N.

Q) In how many ways five guests can sit on a round table?

Ans) If we talk about necklace or garland, where we can turn necklace or garland and clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements are not different.

No. of circular arrangements of N different beads of necklace = (N - 1)! /2.

Q)  How many different garlands can be formed from eight different beads?

Ans) Number of garlands formed from eight different beads = 7!/2 = 2520.

Selection of any number of things out of N distinct things

If there are N distinct things, 1 thing out of N distinct thing can be chosen in ^NC_1.  

m things out of N distinct things can be chosen in ^NC_m ways.

Any number (0 or 1 or 2) of things out of N can be chosen in

  (^NC₀ + ^NC₁ + ^NC₂ + ^NC₃ + ^NC₄ + ^NC₅ . . . . . . . . . . . .. ^NC_N) ways. (By using combination and fundamental principle of addition)

^NC₀ + ^NC₁ + ^NC₂ + ^NC₃ + ^NC₄ + ^NC₅ . . . . . . . . . . . .. ^NC_N = 2^N

The number of selections of 1 or more things out of N different things =

^NC₁ + ^NC₂ + ^NC₃ + ^NC₄ + ^NC₅ . . . . . . . . . . . .. ^NC_N = 2^N- 1

Q) A boy has gone to a library and there are 200 different books in library. In how many ways he can pick one or more books from library?

Number of diagonals of N sided polygon

Number of diagonals of N sided polygon = (Number of straight lines formed by joining N points) – (Number of sides) = ^NC₂ – N

Number of straight lines formed by N points of which l are collinear

^NC₂ straight lines are formed by joining N points which are not collinear and only 1 straight line is formed by joining R collinear points. Therefore, number of straight lines formed by joining N points of which l are collinear =

^NC₂ -  ^lC₂ + 1

Number of Triangles formed by N points of which l are collinear

^NC₃ triangles are formed by joining N points which are not collinear and no triangle is formed by joining R collinear points. Therefore, number of triangles formed by joining N points of which l are collinear =

^NC₃ -  ^lC₃

Number of parallelograms formed by intersection of m parallel lines with n parallel lines

Two lines out of m parallel lines can be selected in ^mC₂ ways and two lines out of n parallel lines can be selected in ⁿC₂ ways. Therefore, parallelogram is formed by selecting two lines out of m parallel lines and two lines out of n parallel lines. Number of parallelograms formed by intersection of m parallel lines with n parallel lines =

^mC₂ x ⁿC₂

  

To make fun/Act of making fun

·         Ridicule (Noun & Verb)

·         Mockery (Noun)

·         Derision (Noun)

·         Caricature (Noun & Verb)

·         Burlesque (Noun & Verb)

·         Parody (Noun & Verb)

·         Travesty (Noun)

·         Lampoon (Noun & Verb)

Explanation: Deride (Verb) means to ridicule. Derision (Noun) is noun form of deride (Verb).

Caricature (Noun) deviates slightly. Caricature (Noun) means cartoon character. Caricature (Verb) means to draw cartoon character of someone.

Lampoon (Verb) means to mock at someone. It has second meaning also. Lampoon (Verb) also means to criticize someone. It was also covered in series for To criticize.

Burlesque (Verb), Parody (Verb) and Caricature (Verb) means to imitate humorously.

RIDICULE (Noun)

Meaning: The act of making fun of someone or something

Use: The early efforts to obtain voting rights for women were met with ridicule.

RIDICULE (Verb)

Meaning: To laugh at and make jokes about (someone or something)

Use: The other kids ridiculed him for the way he dressed.

MOCKERY (Noun)

Meaning: Behavior or speech that makes fun of someone or something

Use: Mockery was the only outlet for Ben's jealously when Iva left him for another guy.

DERISION (Noun)

Meaning: Scornful ridicule

Use: There was a lot of derision and sneering going on when the teacher entered the classroom and found out that the new boy was the object of all of the laughter.

CARICATURE (Noun)

Meaning: A portrayal in which a person’ s characteristics are comically exaggerated

Use: It is often the case that caricatures are presented in cartoons on pages in newspapers depicting a politician in a very amusing and witty way.

CARICATURE (Verb)

Meaning: To draw or describe (someone or something) in a funny or exaggerated way

Use: The press caricatured him as clumsy and forgetful.

BURLESQUE (Noun)

Meaning: Comically exaggerated cartoon sketch

Use: "The antics of the defense attorneys turned the trial into a burlesque of justice."

BURLESQUE (Verb)

Meaning: To mock or to imitate in a derisive manner

Use: She struck a ridiculous pose that burlesqued her own vanity.

PARODY (Noun)

Meaning: A piece of writing etc. that imitates the style of another so as to be amusing

Use: Any procedure or activity that has been done so badly that it is considered to be nothing but trash is called a parody.

PARODY (Verb)

Meaning: To imitate (someone or something) in an amusing way

Use: She parodied her brother’ s poetry.

TRAVESTY (Noun)

Meaning: Something that is shocking, upsetting or ridiculous because it is not what it is supposed to be

Use: The comedian's travesty of a senator making a speech was very funny.

LAMPOON (Noun)

Meaning: Cartoon, writing etc. that makes fun of a well-known person or thing

Use: He said such ridiculous things that he was often the target of lampoons in the press.

LAMPOON (Verb)

Meaning: To criticize (someone or something) in a way that causes laughter

Use: The politician was lampooned in cartoons.

To scorn at someone/To insult someone in a way that shows feeling of disrespect or disapproval

·         Sneer (Noun, Verb)

·         Scoff (Noun, Verb)

·         Jeer (Noun, Verb)

·         Taunt (Noun, Verb)

·         Fleer (Noun, Verb)

·         Snicker (Noun, Verb)

·         Snigger (Noun, Verb)

·         Gibe (Verb)

Explanation: Snicker (or Snigger) (Verb & Noun) deviates slightly. It means to laugh at someone in a way that shows disrespect. 

SNEER (Noun)

Meaning: A scornful smile or remark

Use: She looked at me with a sneer of disgust.

SNEER (Verb)

Meaning: Smile or speak scornfully

Use: “You obviously don’ t know what you are talking about,” she sneered.

SCOFF (Noun)

Meaning: An expression of scorn or derision

Use: Shaking his head with a scoff, he answered, “Fine.”

SCOFF (Verb)

Meaning: Speak about scornfully

Use: He scoffed at dentists until he had his first toothache.

JEER (Noun)

Meaning: A loud insulting sound or remark

Use: Ignored the jeers of the other team’ s fans and just focused on making her free throw shot.

JEER (Verb)

Meaning: To shout insulting words at someone

Use: He tried to ignore the jeering crowd.

TAUNT (Noun)

Meaning: Mocking or insulting remark

Use: "The taunt uttered by the crowd did not upset the police who were monitoring the parade."

TAUNT (Verb)

Meaning: To say insulting things to (someone) in order to make that person angry

Use: "The gang members tried to taunt the dignified man who was walking down the street."

FLEER (Noun)

Meaning: A scornful smile or remark

Use: She looked at me with a fleer of disgust.

FLEER (Verb)

Meaning: Smile or speak carefully

Use: ”You obviously don’ t know what you are talking about,” she fleered.

SNICKER (Noun)

Meaning: Act of snickering

Use: “They are paranoid,” he said with a snicker.

SNICKER (Verb)

Meaning: To make a short, quiet laugh at someone in a way that shows disrespect

Use: The prisoner was snickered by an angry mob.

SNIGGER (Noun)

Meaning: Act of sniggering

Use: Teammates sniggering each other when one fouls up an important play.

SNIGGER (Verb)

Meaning: To make a short, quiet laugh at someone in a way that shows disrespect

Use: Ten years ago, I would have sniggered at anybody who dared to speak such blasphemy.

GIBE (Verb)

Meaning: To make insulting remark

Use: Joshua attempted to gibe the speaker, which resulted in his being led away by the ushers.

Argumentative/Tending to fight

·         Argumentative (Adj.)

·         Bellicose (Adj.)

·         Belligerent (Adj.)

·         Contentious (Adj.)

·         Fractious (Adj.)

·         Pugnacious (Adj.)

·         Truculent (Adj.)

·         Confrontational (Noun)

·         Feisty (Adj.)

·         Brawly (Adj.)

·         Quarrelsome (Adj.)

·         Combative (Adj.)

·         Polemical (Adj.)

Explanation: Confront (Verb) means to meet an opponent face to face. Brawl (Verb) means to fight noisily. We covered this word in series for Noisy quarrel. Polemic (Noun) means strong verbal or written attack. Polemical (Adj.) comes from word polemic (Noun).

Feisty (Adj.) deviates slightly. Feisty (Noun) means lively and spirited or not afraid to fight.

ARGUMENTATIVE (Adj.)

Meaning: Having or showing a tendency to argue or disagree with other people in an angry way

Use:

BELLICOSE (Adj.)

Meaning: Having or showing a tendency to argue or fight

Use: Cara's bellicose attitude when she was concentrating on a project was a signal to her fellow workers to leave her alone.

       BELLIGERENT (Adj.)

Meaning: Feeling or showing readiness to fight

Use: The Arab nations refused to approve a non-belligerency clause in any agreement with Israel and so, there are still some very belligerent Arab countries.

CONTENTIOUS (Adj.)

Meaning: Liking to cause people to argue or disagree

Use: Edward was a very contentious boy because he often disagreed and argued with his parents about many things.

FRACTIOUS (Adj.)

Meaning: 1) Bad-tempered

                  2) Ready to fight or argue

Use: Among the English meanings that have disappeared for fraction are discord and quarreling which produced fractious.

PUGNACIOUS (Adj.)

Meaning: Showing a readiness or desire to fight or argue

Use: Susan was behaving in a pugnacious way when her mother asked her to do some household chores, like taking out the garbage.

TRUCULENT (Adj.)

Meaning: Quick to argue or fight

Use: The truculent customer glared at the salesman when he told her how much the winter coat would cost.

CONFRONTATIONAL (Noun)

Meaning: Meeting an opponent face to face

Use: He became more confrontational during the debate.

FEISTY (Adj.)

Meaning: Lively and spirited or not afraid to fight

Use: The novel features a feisty heroine.

BRAWLY (Adj.)

Meaning: Taking part in a noisy fight or quarrel

Use: A brawly student who has always being sent to the principals’ s office for starting fights in the halls.

QUARRELSOME (Adj.)

Meaning: Ready or likely to argue or disagree

Use:  Since her divorce from her husband, Kayla has become more and more quarrelsome with her parents because they blamed her for causing the split.

COMBATIVE (Adj.)

Meaning: Having or showing a willingness to fight or argue

Use: Steven has a combative attitude that makes it very difficult for others to work with him.

POLEMICAL (Adj.)

Meaning: Taking part in a strong verbal or written attack against someone else’ s opinions, beliefs etc.

Use: Joseph said he resented the polemical attacks of the candidate who was running for mayor of the city.

To prevent something from happening/To make something no longer necessary

·         Avert (Verb)

·         Forestall (Verb)

·         Preclude (Verb)

·         Obviate (Verb)

AVERT (Verb)

Meaning: To prevent (something bad) from happening

Use: The quick arrival of firefighters would avert a major forest fire

FORESTALL (Verb)

Meaning: To stop (something) from happening or to cause (something) to happen at a later time

Use: Some health specialists claim that vitamins can forestall many illnesses caused by aging.

PRECLUDE (Verb)

Meaning: To prevent something from happening or to prevent someone from doing something

Use: The judge stated that insufficiency of the evidence precludes a conviction of the defendant.

OBVIATE (Verb)

Meaning: To make (something) no longer necessary

Use:  Because Joe and his family were going on their vacation the following day, he decided to obviate the possibility of running out of gas by going to the station and getting as much fuel as possible for his car before leaving.

To make something worse/To make (an injury, problem etc.) more serious or severe

·         Fester (Verb)

·         Exacerbate (Verb)

·         Worsen (Verb)

·         Aggravate (Verb)

Explanation: Aggravate (Verb) means to make (an injury, problem etc.) more serious or severe. It has second meaning also. It means to annoy or bother someone. 

FESTER (Verb)

Meaning: 1) To become painful and infected

                  2) To become worse as time passes

Use: Joe’ s insult festered in my mind for days, and made her too angry to speak to him.

EXACERBATE (Verb)

Meaning: To make (a bad situation, a problem etc.) worse

Use: When Steven was bitten by a mosquito, he scratched his skin at that spot and doing this exacerbated the itchiness of it even more and caused it to bleed.

WORSEN (Verb)

Meaning: To make (something) worse or to become worse

Use: Spending more money is only going to worsen the problem.

AGGRAVATE (Verb)

Meaning: 1) To make (an injury, problem etc.) more serious or severe.

                  2) To annoy or bother (someone).

Use: Don't scratch because you will only aggravate the itch.

To calm down someone/To satisfy someone

·         Appease (Verb)

·         Assuage (Verb)

·         Conciliate (Verb)

·         Soothe (Verb)

·         Mollify (Verb)

·         Pacify (Verb)

·         Placate (Verb)

·         Propitiate (Verb)

·         Reconcile (Verb)

Explanation: Reconcile (Verb) deviates slightly. Reconcile (Verb) means to restore friendly relation or to resolve difference.

APPEASE (Verb)

Meaning: To calm down someone by agreeing to their demands

Use:  The romantic film on TV in the evening helped to appease Becky after a long and hard day’s work at the office.

ASSUAGE (Verb)

Meaning: 1) To make (something, such as an unpleasant feeling) less painful, severe etc.

                  2) To satisfy someone.

Use:  During the economic crisis, Ted tried to assuage the investor's fears with guarantees that his company was still doing well.

CONCILIATE (Verb)

Meaning: To make (someone) friendlier or less angry

Use: The company’ s attempts to conciliate the strikers have failed.

SOOTHE (Verb)

Meaning: to cause (someone) to be calmer, less angry etc.

Use: The waiter tried to soothe the angry customer.

MOLLIFY (Verb)

Meaning: To make (someone) less angry

Use: The airline customer service representative tried to mollify the angry passenger by offering her a seat in first class.

PACIFY (Verb)

Meaning: To cause (someone who is angry or upset) to become calm or quiet

Use: The king pacified the mob with promises of reform.

PLACATE (Verb)

Meaning: To cause (someone) to feel less angry about something

Use: The administrators placated the customers by agreeing to consider a reduction in prices for the items when they became available again.

PROPITIATE (Verb)

Meaning: To make (someone) pleased or less angry

Use: When Jerome told Sara that he didn't agree with her political view, she responded to his comment by being very loud until he tried to propitiate her by saying that she certainly had a right to her opinion even if it disagreed with his.

RECONCILE (Verb)

Meaning: to restore friendly relations or to resolve differences

Use: She wanted to be reconciled with her father.

To reduce the effect of something/To make something (such as an injury, problem etc.) less serious or severe

·         Mitigate (Verb)

·         Palliate (Verb)

·         Assuage (Verb)

·         Alleviate (Verb)

·         Ameliorate (Verb)

Explanation:  Ameliorate (Verb) means to make (something, such as problem better, less painful) etc. It also means to make something better. Assuage (Verb) means to make (something, such as unpleasant feeling) less painful, severe etc. It also means to satisfy someone. Therefore, this word has also been covered in series for To make something (such as an injury, problem etc.) less serious or severe.

MITIGATE (Verb)

Meaning: To make (something) less severe, harmful or painful

Use: Bill's inexperience will militate against him getting an early promotion.

PALLIATE (Verb)

Meaning: To make the effects of (something, such as an illness) less painful, harmful or harsh

Use: To palliate a disease or its symptoms is to make them less severe or unpleasant without removing the causes of them.

ASSUAGE (Verb)

Meaning: 1) To make (something, such as an unpleasant feeling) less painful, severe etc.

                  2) To satisfy someone.

Use: During the economic crisis, Ted tried to assuage the investor's fears with guarantees that his company was still doing well.

ALLEVIATE (Verb)

Meaning: To make (something) less painful, difficult or severe

Use: The injection the doctor gave Susan was intended to alleviate the pain caused by her infected tooth.

AMELIORATE (Verb)

Meaning: 1) To make (something, such as problem better, less painful) etc.

                  2) To make something better or to improve something.

Use: Although Becky had a new computer, which was supposed to ameliorate her work and save her time, she became quite confused and impatient trying to make it do what she wanted it to do!

Cure-all

·         Panacea (Noun)

·         Elixir (Noun)

PANACEA (Noun)

Meaning: A remedy for all ills or difficulties

Use: There is no easy panacea that will solve our complicated international situation.

ELIXIR (Noun)

Meaning: A magical liquid that can cure illness or cure life

Use: The news of her chance to go abroad acted on her like an elixir.

Stupid/Foolish/absurd

·         Inane (Adj.)

·         Insane (Adj.)

·         Fatuous (Adj.)

·         Imbecilic (Adj.)

·         Moronic (Adj.)

·         Asinine (Adj.)

·         Lunatic (Adj.)

·         Ludicrous (Adj.)

·         Preposterous (Adj.)

·         Farcical (Adj.)

INANE (Adj.)

Meaning: Very silly or stupid

Use: Because of his nonsensical behavior, Hank was considered to be an inane person.

INSANE (Adj.)

Meaning: 1) Seriously mentally ill

                  2) Very foolish

Use: The murderer was found to be criminally insane.

FATUOUS (Adj.)

Meaning: Foolish or stupid

Use: He had a habit of making fatuous remarks even during a serious conversation.

IMBECILIC (Adj.)

Meaning: Stupid or idiot

Use: He drank too much and started acting like imbecilic person.

MORONIC (Adj.)

Meaning: Foolish or stupid

Use: She made some very moronic suggestions.

ASININE (Adj.)

Meaning: Very stupid and silly

Use: Marge thought that the radio host asked his caller the most asinine questions that she had ever heard.

LUNATIC (Adj.)

Meaning: 1) Mentally ill

                  2) Wildly foolish

Use: He would be asked to acquiesce in some lunatic scheme.

LUDICROUS (Adj.)

Meaning: Very foolish

Use: When she was nervous or under stress, Lucinda often told the most ludicrous jokes.

PREPOSTEROUS (Adj.)

Meaning: Very foolish or silly

Use: A preposterous suggestion.

FARCICAL (Adj.)

Meaning: Michael's failure to get up in time for school is more farcical than tragic.

Use: The farcical routine that a person has to go through to get a refund from that company.

Narrow Minded

·         Parochial (Adj.)

·         Myopic (Adj.)

·         Provincial (Noun & Adj.)

·         Insular (Adj.)

PAROCHIAL (Adj.)

Meaning: Having a narrow outlook

Use: This worldview seems incredibly naïve and preposterous.

MYOPIC (Adj.)

Meaning: Short sighted

Use: The government still has a myopic attitude to public spending.

PROVINCIAL (Noun)

Meaning: A person who lives in the provinces

Use: The confidence man figured that fleecing these provincials would be easy.

PROVINCIAL (Adj.)

Meaning: 1) Unsophisticated and narrow-minded

                  2) Related to province.

Use: As provincial governor, Sir Henry administered the Queen’ s law in his remote corner of Canada, caught up in local problems, out of touch with London news, he became sadly provincial.

INSULAR (Adj.)

Meaning: 1) Narrow minded

                  2) Not knowing or interested in new or different ideas.

Use: An insular community that is not receptive of new ideas, especially from outsiders.

Excessively flattering/Overly obedient

·         Fawning (Adj.)

·         Fulsome (Adj.)

·         Obsequious (Adj.)

·         Sycophant (Noun)

·         Servile (Adj.)

·         Slavish (Adj.)

·         Subservient (Adj.)

·         Adulatory (Adj.)

·         Truckling (Adj.)

·         Bootlicker (Noun)

·         Cringing (Adj.)

·         Groveling (Adj.)

Explanation: Adulate (Verb), Bootlick (Verb), Fawn (Verb), Truckle (Verb) means to flatter around. Cringe (Verb) and grovel (Verb) means fawning and fearing in front of superior.

FAWNING (Adj.)

Meaning: Trying to please by flattery and being very attentive

Use: When the Hollywood stars entered the hotel, the employees were giving more fawning services than they usually do for other famous people.

FULSOME (Adj.)

Meaning: 1) Excessively flattering

                  2) Large in size or quantity

Use: Roy thought his neighbors were embarrassingly fulsome in expressing their appreciation for taking care of their mail delivery while they were away on vacation.

OBSEQUIOUS (Adj.)

Meaning: Too eager to help or obey someone important

Use: Jane and Jim were served in the hotel by obsequious employees who were striving to fulfill all the desires that they indicated.

SYCOPHANT (Noun)

Meaning: A person who praises powerful people in order to get their approval

Use: Julie was a sycophant who flattered her brother so he would loan her his car.

SERVILE (Adj.)

Meaning: Very obedient and trying too hard to please someone

Use: Being good at service means that we are servile and demeans our noble island spirit.

SLAVISH (Adj.)

Meaning: Copying like a slave or without originality

Use: Slavish devotion to another person can be self-destructive.

SUBSERVIENT (Adj.)

Meaning: 1) Too willing to obey someone else

                  2) Less important

Use: Helene's subservient behavior belied her real intent, which was to learn the housekeeper's role and then to take over the position.

ADULATORY (Adj.)

Meaning: Excessively or slavishly flattering

Use: Often when foreign officials meet, there is a tendency to exchange adulatory comments that are full of platitudes or overused words and insincere praise.

TRUCKLING (Adj.)

Meaning: Acting in a subservient manner

Use: He made a truckling apology to his girlfriend.

BOOTLICKER (Noun)

Meaning: A person who tries to gain favor with through a highly obedient or obsequious manner

Use: When her career was riding high, the self-deluded often mistook bootlickers for true friends.

CRINGING (Adj.)

Meaning: To cower in fear or to behave in an excessively humble way

Use: We are surrounded by cringing yes-man and sycophants.

GROVELING (Adj.)

Meaning: Treating someone with too much respect or fear in order to gain approval or favor

Use: The peasant was groveling before the king.